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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD are treated with medication. It can improve symptoms but it also can cause negative side effects. If you experience adverse effects, speak to your GP about them. The most commonly prescribed medication prescribed by healthcare providers for ADHD is stimulants. These medications boost the levels of brain chemicals referred to as neurotransmitters, that regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant of first choice used to treat ADHD in adults and children. It increases activity in parts of the brain that assist manage attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other conditions such as narcolepsy. It can help those suffering from narcolepsy stay awake during the day and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a high abuse potential and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. The medication is taken exactly as prescribed to lower the chance of abuse and the adverse negative effects. Methylphenidate may trigger psychotic symptoms for certain people. It can also worsen behavior and tics for some patients suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. People with these conditions should consult their doctor before starting this medication. Tell your doctor if there are any other health issues or if you are allergic to dyes or foods. (For instance tartrazine is a yellow dye that is present in processed foods and some medications. If you're on Adhansia XR, you should consult your doctor.). Methylphenidate may interact with certain medications, such as opioid medicines such as antidepressants, antidepressants, and monoamine oxide inhibitors, such as isocarboxazid (Marplan) and linezolid (Zyvox), methylene blue, the phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar) or tranylcypromine (Parnate). It's also important to stay clear of alcohol and other stimulant drugs while taking methylphenidate. They can have a negative impact on your blood pressure or heart rate. The methylphenidate tablet with immediate release (Ritalin) and the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule and chewable tablet (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT) as well as chewable tablets with a long-acting mechanism (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine. This could be dangerous if a genetic condition known as phenylketonuria exists. Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant drug is a brain stimulant and improves mood. It also eases the symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) which is a kind of depression that occurs in the fall and winter months. It is also utilized to aid in the cessation of smoking cigarettes by reducing cravings for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. A number of studies conducted on adults have demonstrated that bupropion can improve ADHD symptoms in comparison to placebo. The fixed-effect RR of the pooled study for week-6 improvement (using a clinically meaningful change of 30% or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95% 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.37) and overall response the proportion of better subjects was 52% in the bupropion group, compared to 37 percent in the placebo group. Bupropion can have serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions a number of different medications, including sedatives antidepressants, and some blood pressure medications. It may also increase seizure risk in people who have an history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is also not recommended for use in people with certain medical conditions and is not recommended for women who are breastfeeding or pregnant. Bupropion is a form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available as Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants (or TCAs are a class of drugs that function by affecting brain chemicals. They were among the first antidepressants to be developed. Although they aren't considered a first-line treatment for depression but they can be effective for some individuals. They work by preventing the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline by increasing their availability in neurons. They are also useful in relieving a number of other conditions, including enuresis and pain syndromes, like fibromyalgia or the phantom limb syndrome. TCAs can be prescribed alone or together with stimulants and can have a beneficial effect on the symptoms of ADHD. They can alleviate symptoms that are core to the disorder, and can reduce anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. They can also assist in managing tics. They are uncontrollable repetitive movements or sounds such as the sound of a throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can trigger side effects, including sedation, dry mouth and constipation, and can increase the risk of heart problems. These drugs may interact with other medications, such as anticholinergics, and should be avoided in pregnant women. These medications can also cause teratogenic effects in animals, and they may cross the placenta. Speak to your doctor if you are concerned. There are newer antidepressants with a lower risk of adverse negative effects. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The SSRIs are a class of drugs that block serotonin reuptake by neurons and aid in increasing the amount of serotonin available for signaling. They also decrease anxiety and lower impulsive behavior. They are used to treat adhd as they can help some people with their symptoms and can work in conjunction with other medications. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a very low clearance from the human body. However, they are extensively metabolized by CYP450 enzymes in the liver. This results in blood concentrations that fluctuate. These medications can also be prescribed to treat other disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as generalized anxiety disorder, and bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline could help in reducing PTSD symptoms. However, they don't seem to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs may cause a very rare side effect known as sexual dysfunction. It is essential to discuss this with your physician if you are thinking about taking one of these medicines. Many people have to try a few different types of ADHD medications before settling on the one that is suitable for them. Research and development of new medications is ongoing. It is also crucial to inform all medications you take to your doctor. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant drugs don't help adults suffering from ADHD doctors prescribe an inhibitor of selective norepinephrine reuptake (SNRI). These medications boost levels of norepinephrine and serotonin two brain chemicals. They also improve mood and reduce depression and anxiety. The SNRIs are similar in their adverse effects as TCAs but are safer. They are prescribed for a variety of conditions including anxiety disorders, long-term pain such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression, too. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and Venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications block the reabsorption of norepinephrine in the brain that is a normal reaction after neurotransmission. This results in a larger-than-normal release of norepinephrine in a phasic manner. The increased norepinephrine levels help improve mood and concentration. SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD However, certain doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. Most commonly, they are taken as pills. However, they are also available in liquid form or as patches. In April 2021 the FDA approved an oral SNRI known as viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in children and adolescents. It is not a controlled medication because it does not have the potential of being abused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin in the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but can also help control symptoms of ADHD. A number of studies have proven that SNRI medications, including venlafaxine and duloxetine, can significantly reduce the score of different ADHD questionnaires. SNRIs may increase blood pressure or interact with certain medications. It is crucial to consult with a physician prior to taking these medications. Additionally, improperly discarded adhd treatment without medication can harm people and animals, so it is important to follow proper disposal instructions. SSRIs and SNRIs are not approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors are able prescribe them off-label. They are effective, safe, and have fewer side effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor about your child's symptoms and talk about the advantages and disadvantages of these medications. SNRIs are not suitable for everyone. For example women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not take SNRIs as they could pass into breast milk. They should not be used by people who suffer from high blood pressure, liver issues or other cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people suffering from ADHD find medication helps them improve their concentration and attention. Some people might also notice a decrease in their impulsive behavior. The medication is often combined with behavioral therapy and skills training to help people understand how to manage their symptoms. It takes time to find the right dosage and dosage for each person. During this time doctors will observe the physical reactions of patients to determine an equilibrium between benefits and side effects. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, enhance the activity of specific brain chemicals that control memory and attention. They are generally safe and effective for most people, however, they may cause serious adverse consequences, such as decreased appetite and trouble sleeping. These side effects usually subside within a few days as your body adapts to the medication. Adults and children alike can use non-stimulant drugs. They might take longer to effect their effects, but they can improve concentration and impulse control. They may include alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (atomoxetine, viloxazine) and Guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants are also effective in treating ADHD. They can increase norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that assists with mood swings and depression. Bupropion is a prime example of an antidepressant that has been used for ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” but drug makers came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved the use of it as treatment.